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Angelica Balabanoff
Angelica Balabanoff (or Balabanov, Balabanova; (ロシア語:Анжелика Балабанова) – ''Anzhelika Balabanova''; ''c.'' 1878〔 – 25 November 1965) was a Russian-Jewish-Italian communist and social democratic activist. She served as secretary of the Comintern and later became a political party leader in Italy.
==Biography==
Balabanoff was born into a wealthy family in Chernihiv, Russian Empire, where she rebelled against her mother's strictness.〔〔 While attending the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Brussels, Belgium, she was exposed to political radicalism. After her graduation with degrees in philosophy and literature, she settled in Rome and began to organize immigrant workers in the textile industry, joining the Partito Socialista Italiano (Italian Socialist Party, which she later became the leader of) in 1900. She became closely associated with Antonio Labriola, Giacinto Menotti Serrati, Benito Mussolini, and Filippo Turati (the founder of the Italian Socialist Party).
She moved further to the left during the First World War, becoming active in the Zimmerwald Movement. During the war, she spent some time in exile in neutral Sweden, where she was affiliated with the Left Socialist movement and became a close friend of the Swedish Communist leaders Ture Nerman, Fredrik Ström, Zeth Höglund and Kata Dalström.
When the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, Balabanoff joined the Bolshevik Party and travelled to Russia. According to Emma Goldman, she became disillusioned with the style of socialism in Russia and that "() had become rooted in the soil of Italy."〔 Balabanoff told Goldman of her discomfort about temporarily living in the Narishkin Palace.〔 She became secretary of the Communist Third International in 1919 and worked alongside Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, and Emma Goldman, as well as many others. She became an open critic of Bolshevism and left Russia in 1922, travelling back to Italy and joining with Giacinto Menotti Serrati. After Serrati left to rejoin the Communists, she led his Maximalist group until the rise of Fascism forced her into exile in Switzerland, where she edited ''Avanti!'' and became the secretary of the Paris Bureau. She moved to Paris, then New York City at the outbreak of the Second World War. When the war ended, she returned to Italy and joined the Socialist Workers' Party, which became the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (after including the United Socialist Party).
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